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. Marine phytoplankton such as bloom-forming, calcite-producingcoccolithophores, are naturally exposed to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR,280–400 nm) in the ocean's upper mixed layers. Nevertheless, the effects ofincreasing carbon dioxide (CO2)-induced ocean acidification and warming have rarelybeen investigated in the presence of UVR. We examined calcification andphotosynthetic carbon fixation performance in the most cosmopolitancoccolithophorid, Emiliania huxleyi, grown under high(1000 µatm, HC; pHT: 7.70) and low (400 µatm,LC; pHT: 8.02) CO2 levels, at 15 ∘C,20 ∘C and 24 ∘C with or without UVR. The HCtreatment did not affect photosynthetic carbon fixation at 15 ∘C,but significantly enhanced it with increasing temperature. Exposure to UVRinhibited photosynthesis, with higher inhibition by UVA (320–395 nm) thanUVB (295–320 nm), except in the HC and 24 ∘C-grown cells, in whichUVB caused more inhibition than UVA. A reduced thickness of the coccolith layerin the HC-grown cells appeared to be responsible for the UV-inducedinhibition, and an increased repair rate of UVA-derived damage in theHC–high-temperature grown cells could be responsible for lowered UVA-induced inhibition.While calcification was reduced with elevated CO2 concentration,exposure to UVB or UVA affected the process differentially, with the formerinhibiting it and the latter enhancing it. UVA-induced stimulation of calcification washigher in the HC-grown cells at 15 and 20 ∘C, whereas at24 ∘C observed enhancement was not significant. The calcificationto photosynthesis ratio (Cal ∕ Pho ratio) was lower in the HC treatment,and increasing temperature also lowered the value. However, at 20 and24 ∘C, exposure to UVR significantly increased the Cal ∕ Phoratio, especially in HC-grown cells, by up to 100 %. This implies thatUVR can counteract the negative effects of the “greenhouse” treatment onthe Cal ∕ Pho ratio; hence, UVR may be a key stressor when considering theimpacts of future greenhouse conditions on E. huxleyi.

biogeosciences

Physiological and biochemical responses of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Emiliania huxleyi&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; to ocean acidification and warming are modulated by UV radiation