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. Here we investigated the effects of P compounds ( KH2PO4 and Ca(H2PO4)2 ) with different addition rates of 0, 20, 40, 60,80, and 100 kg P ha −1  yr −1 and NH4NO3 addition (0 and 100 kg N ha −1  yr −1 ) on soil labile inorganic phosphorus (IP)(dicalcium phosphate, Ca2 -P), moderate-cycling IP, and recalcitrant IPfractions in a calcareous grassland of northeastern China. Soilmoderate-cycling IP fractions, not readily available to plants buttransforming into soil-available P quickly, include variscite (Al-P),strengite (Fe-P) and octacalcium phosphate ( Ca8 -P); recalcitrant IPfractions include hydroxylapatite ( Ca10 -P) and occluded P (O-P). Soillabile and moderate-cycling IP fractions and total P significantly increasedwith increasing P addition rates, with higher concentrations detected for KH2PO4 than for Ca(H2PO4)2 addition.Combined N and P treatments showed lower soil labile IP and moderate-cyclingIP fractions compared to ambient N conditions, due to enhanced plantproductivity. Moderate-cycling IP was mainly regulated by P addition andplant P uptake to further enhance labile IP and total P concentrations with KH2PO4 and Ca(H2PO4)2 addition. Soil labile IP wasalso directly and negatively affected by soil pH and plant P uptake with Ca(H2PO4)2 addition. Ca(H2PO4)2 additionsignificantly increased the soil recalcitrant IP ( Ca10 -P) fraction,while KH2PO4 addition showed no impact on it. A significantpositive correlation was detected between soil labile IP, moderate-cyclingIP fractions and soil Olsen-P which illustrated that labile IP andmoderate-cycling IP fractions were important sources for soil-available P.Our results suggest that moderate-cycling IP fractions are essential forgrassland P biogeochemical cycling and the chemical form of P fertilizer shouldbe considered during fertilization management for maintaining soil-available P.

Exogenous phosphorus compounds interact with nitrogen availability to regulate dynamics of soil inorganic phosphorus fractions in a meadow steppe