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. Elevated nitrogen (N) deposition affects soil Ntransformations in the N-rich soil of tropical forests. However, the changein soil functional microorganisms responsible for soil N cycling remainslargely unknown. Here, we investigated the variation in soil inorganic Ncontent, net N mineralization ( Rm ), net nitrification ( Rn ),inorganic N leaching ( Rl ), N2O efflux and N-related functionalgene abundance in a tropical forest soil over a 2-year period with fourlevels of N addition. The responses of soil net N transformations (in situ Rm and Rn ) and Rl to N additions were negligible during the firstyear of N inputs. The Rm , Rn , and Rl increased with themedium nitrogen (MN) and high nitrogen (HN) treatments relative to thecontrol treatments in the second year of N additions. Furthermore, the Rm , Rn , and Rl were higher in the wet season than in the dryseason. The Rm and Rn were mainly associated with the Naddition-induced lower C:N ratio in the dry season but with higher microbialbiomass in the wet season. Throughout the study period, high N additionsincreased the annual N2O emissions by 78 %. Overall, N additionssignificantly facilitated Rm , Rn , Rl and N2O emission.In addition, the MN and HN treatments increased the ammonia-oxidizingarchaea (AOA) abundance by 17.3 % and 7.5 %, respectively. Meanwhile,the HN addition significantly increased the abundance of nirK denitrifiers butsignificantly decreased the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB)and nosZ-containing N2O reducers. To some extent, the variation infunctional gene abundance was related to the corresponding N-transformationprocesses. Partial least squares path modelling (PLS-PM) indicated thatinorganic N contents had significantly negative direct effects on theabundances of N-related functional genes in the wet season, implying thatchronic N deposition would have a negative effect on the N-cycling-relatedmicrobes and the function of N transformation. Our results provide evidencethat elevated N deposition may impose consistent stimulatory effects on soilN-transformation rates but differentiated impacts on related microbialfunctional genes. Long-term experimentation or observations are needed todecipher the interrelations between the rate of soil N-transformationprocesses and the abundance or expression of related functional genes.

The simulated N deposition accelerates net N mineralization and nitrification in a tropical forest soil