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. Intertidal mangrove forests are harsh environments thatcan naturally experience hypoxia in association with low tide. However, weknow relatively little about dissolved oxygen (DO) fluctuations andDO-induced responses by fish, although DO is a fundamental water qualityparameter. This study examines DO as a potential factor regulating theutilisation of intertidal mangrove forests by fish and consequently theirwidely recognised feeding, refuge and nursery values. We deployed underwatervideo cameras, coupled with DO and depth loggers, in a mangrove forest torecord changes in fish assemblages in response to tidal variations in DO andother associated environmental parameters. Our results indicate that DOunderwent extreme tidal fluctuations, reaching levels as low as 14 %saturation. As DO was identified as a significant factor for explainingvariability in fish assemblage composition, we further investigated fishresponses to DO fluctuations. Higher taxonomic richness and frequencies ofoccurrence were observed once DO reached 70 %–80 % saturation. Moredetailed examination revealed species-specific responses. Three distinctpatterns of mangrove utilisation in response to DO were identified, drivenby apparent taxa's behavioural DO avoidance thresholds. Most taxa did notdisplay any behavioural avoidance, including presence at the lowest DOlevels, while other taxa were not observed either below 50 %–60 %saturation or below 70 %–80 % saturation. This implies that tidalmigrations, often observed in intertidal environments, could be the resultof differential DO tolerances and are not simply initiated by changes in waterdepth. Taxa remaining in the mangrove forest even at low DO were on averagemore frequently observed than the other taxa and were mostly speciescommonly associated with mangrove habitats. This suggests that being adaptedto withstand low DO might be an important condition for using mangrove habitatsextensively. The need of being tolerant to low DO could constrain fishutilisation and explain the relatively low species richness often observedin other intertidal mangrove forests.

Hypoxia in mangroves: occurrence and impact on valuable tropical fish habitat