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. Biochemical markers developed initially for food-webstudies of terrestrial and shallow-water environments have only recentlybeen applied to deep-sea ecosystems (i.e., in the early 2000s). For the firsttime since their implementation, this review took a close look at theexisting literature in the field of deep-sea trophic ecology to synthesizecurrent knowledge. Furthermore, it provided an opportunity for a preliminaryanalysis of global geographic (i.e., latitudinal, along a depth gradient)trends in the isotopic ( δ15N , δ13C ) and fatty acidcomposition of deep-sea macro- and megafauna from heterotrophic systems.Results revealed significant relationships along the latitudinal andbathymetric gradients. Deep-sea animals sampled at temperate and polarlatitudes displayed lower isotopic ratios and greater proportions ofessential ω 3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) thandid tropical counterparts. Furthermore, δ15N and δ13C ratios as well as proportions of arachidonic acid increased withincreasing depth. Since similar latitudinal trends in the isotopic and fattyacid composition were found in surface water phytoplankton and particulateorganic matter, these results highlight the link across latitudes betweensurface primary production and deep-water communities. Because globalclimate change may affect quantity and quality (e.g., levels of essential ω 3 PUFAs) of surface primary productivity, and by extension those ofits downward flux, the dietary intake of deep-sea organisms may likely bealtered. In addition, because essential ω 3 PUFAs play a major role inthe response to temperature variations, climate change may interfere withthe ability of deep-sea species to cope with potential temperature shifts.Importantly, methodological disparities were highlighted that preventedin-depth analyses, indicating that further studies should be conducted usingstandardized methods in order to generate more reliable global predictions.

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Reviews and syntheses: Insights into deep-sea food webs and global environmental gradients revealed by stable isotope (&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;δ&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;15&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;N, &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;δ&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;13&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;C) and fatty acid trophic biomarkers