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. The emissions of nitrous oxide ( N2O ) and leaching of nitrate ( NO3 )from agricultural cropping systems have considerable negative impacts onclimate and the environment. Although these environmental burdens are less per unit area in organic than in non-organic production onaverage, theyare roughly similar per unit of product. If organic farming is to maintainits goal of being environmentally friendly, these loadings must beaddressed. We discuss the impact of possible drivers of N2O emissionsand NO3 leaching within organic arable farming practice under Europeanclimatic conditions, and potential strategies to reduce these. Organicarable crop rotations are generally diverse with the frequent use of legumes,intercropping and organic fertilisers. The soil organic matter content and theshare of active organic matter, soil structure, microbial and faunalactivity are higher in such diverse rotations, and the yields are lower, than innon-organic arable cropping systems based on less diverse systems andinorganic fertilisers. Soil mineral nitrogen (SMN), N2O emissions and NO3 leaching are low under growing crops, but there is the potentialfor SMN accumulation and losses after crop termination, harvest orsenescence. The risk of high N2O fluxes increases when large amounts ofherbage or organic fertilisers with readily available nitrogen (N) anddegradable carbon are incorporated into the soil or left on the surface.Freezing/thawing, drying/rewetting, compacted and/or wet soil andmechanical mixing of crop residues into the soil further enhance the risk ofhigh N2O fluxes. N derived from soil organic matter (backgroundemissions) does, however, seem to be the most important driver for N2O emission from organic arable crop rotations, and the correlation betweenyearly total N-input and N2O emissions is weak. Incorporation of N-rich plant residues or mechanical weeding followed by bare fallow conditions increases therisk of NO3 leaching. In contrast, strategic use of deep-rooted cropswith long growing seasons or effective cover crops in the rotation reduces NO3 leaching risk. Enhanced recycling of herbage from green manures,crop residues and cover crops through biogas or composting may increase Nefficiency and reduce N2O emissions and NO3 leaching. Mixturesof legumes (e.g. clover or vetch) and non-legumes (e.g. grasses orBrassica species) are as efficient cover crops for reducing NO3 leaching as monocultures of non-legume species. Continued regular use ofcover crops has the potential to reduce NO3 leaching and enhance soilorganic matter but may enhance N2O emissions. There is a need tooptimise the use of crops and cover crops to enhance the synchrony ofmineralisation with crop N uptake to enhance crop productivity, and thiswill concurrently reduce the long-term risks of NO3 leaching and N2O emissions.

biogeosciences

Reviews and syntheses: Review of causes and sources of N&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;O emissions and NO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; leaching from organic arable crop rotations