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. Phytoplankton taxonomy, pigment composition and photo-physiological statewere studied in Galveston Bay (GB), Texas (USA), following the extremeflooding associated with Hurricane Harvey (25–29 August 2017) using fieldand satellite ocean color observations. The percentage of chlorophyll  a (Chl  a ) in different phytoplankton groups was determined from asemi-analytical IOP (inherent optical property) inversion algorithm. The IOPinversion algorithm revealed the dominance of freshwater species (diatom,cyanobacteria and green algae) in the bay following the hurricane passage(29 September 2017) under low salinity conditions associated with thedischarge of floodwaters into GB. Two months after the hurricane(29–30 October 2017), under more seasonal salinity conditions, thephytoplankton community transitioned to an increase in small-sized groupssuch as haptophytes and prochlorophytes. Sentinel-3A Ocean and Land Colour Instrument (OLCI)-derived Chl  a obtained using a red  ∕  NIR (near-infrared) band ratio algorithm for the turbid estuarinewaters was highly correlated (R 2>0.90 ) to the (high-performance liquidchromatography) HPLC-derivedChl  a . Long-term observations of OLCI-derived Chl  a (August 2016–December 2017) in GB revealed that hurricane-induced Chl  a declined to background mean state in late October 2017. A non-negative leastsquares (NNLS) inversion model was then applied to OLCI-derived Chl  a mapsof GB to investigate spatiotemporal variations of phytoplankton diagnosticpigments pre- and post-hurricane; results appeared consistent with extractedphytoplankton taxonomic composition derived from the IOP inversion algorithmand microplankton pictures obtained from an Imaging FlowCytobot (IFCB).OLCI-derived diagnostic pigment distributions also exhibited good agreementwith HPLC measurements during both surveys, with R 2 ranging from 0.40for diatoxanthin to 0.96 for Chl  a . Environmental factors (e.g.,floodwaters) combined with phytoplankton taxonomy also strongly modulatedphytoplankton physiology in the bay as indicated by measurements ofphotosynthetic parameters with a fluorescence induction and relaxation (FIRe)system. Phytoplankton in well-mixed waters (mid-bay area) exhibited maximumPSII photochemical efficiency ( Fv∕Fm ) and a low effective absorption crosssection  (σPSII) , while the areas adjacent to the shelf(likely nutrient-limited) showed low Fv∕Fm and elevated σPSII values. Overall, the approach using field andocean color data combined with inversion models allowed, for the first time,an assessment of phytoplankton response to a large hurricane-relatedfloodwater perturbation in a turbid estuarine environment based on itstaxonomy, pigment composition and physiological state.

biogeosciences

Floodwater impact on Galveston Bay phytoplankton taxonomy, pigment composition and photo-physiological state following Hurricane Harvey from field and ocean color (Sentinel-3A OLCI) observations