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. Although wetlands represent the largest natural source of atmospheric CH4 , large uncertainties remain regarding the global wetland CH4 flux.Wetland hydrological oscillations contribute to this uncertainty,dramatically altering wetland area, water table height, soil redoxpotentials,and CH4 emissions. This study compares both terrestrial and aquatic CH4 fluxes in permanent and seasonal remediated freshwater wetlands insubtropical Australia over two field campaigns, representing differinghydrological and climatic conditions. We account for aquatic CH4 diffusion and ebullition rates and plant-mediated CH4 fluxes fromthree distinct vegetation communities, thereby examining diel andintra-habitat variability. CH4 emission rates were related tounderlying sediment geochemistry. For example, distinct negativerelationships between CH4 fluxes and both Fe(III) and SO 4 2 - were observed. Where sediment Fe(III) and SO 4 2 - were depleted,distinct positive trends occurred between CH4 emissions and Fe(II)  ∕  acid volatile sulfur (AVS).Significantly higher CH4 emissions( p  < 0.01) in the seasonal wetland were measured during floodedconditions and always during daylight hours, which is consistent with soilredox potential and temperature being important co-drivers of CH4 flux. The highest CH4 fluxes were consistently emitted from thepermanent wetland (1.5 to 10.5 mmol m −2  d −1 ), followed by thePhragmites australis community within the seasonal wetland (0.8 to 2.3 mmol m −2  d −1 ), whilst the lowest CH4 fluxes came from a region offorested Juncus spp. ( −0.01 to 0.1 mmol m −2  d −1 ), which alsocorresponded to the highest sedimentary Fe(III) and SO 4 2 - . Wesuggest that wetland remediation strategies should consider geochemicalprofiles to help to mitigate excessive and unwanted methane emissions,especially during early system remediation periods.

Rhizosphere to the atmosphere: contrasting methane pathways, fluxes, and geochemical drivers across the terrestrial–aquatic wetland boundary