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. Intact tropical peatlands are dense long-term stores of carbon. However, thefuture security of these ecosystems is at risk from land conversion andextensive peatland drainage. This can enhance peat oxidation and convertlong-term carbon sinks into significant carbon sources. In Southeast Asia,the largest land use on peatland is for oil palm plantation agriculture.Here, we present the first annual estimate of exported fluvial organic carbonin the drainage waters of four peatland oil palm plantation areas in Sarawak,Malaysia. Total organic carbon (TOC) fluxes from the plantation second- andthird-order drains were dominated (91 %) by dissolved organic carbon(DOC) and ranged from 34.4  ±  9.7 C m −2  yr −1 to 57.7 %,16.3 g C m −2  yr −1 ( ±  95 % confidence interval). Thesefluxes represent a single-year survey which was strongly influenced by an ElNino event and therefore lower discharge than usual was observed. Themagnitude of the flux was found to be influenced by water table depth, withhigher TOC fluxes observed from more deeply drained sites. Radiocarbon datingon the DOC component indicated the presence of old (pre-1950s) carbon in allsamples collected, with DOC at the most deeply drained site having a mean ageof 735 years. Overall, our estimates suggest fluvial TOC contributes ∼  5 % of total carbon losses from oil palm plantations on peat.Maintenance of high and stable water tables in oil palm plantations appearsto be key to minimising TOC losses. This reinforces the importance ofconsidering all carbon loss pathways, rather than just CO2 emissionsfrom the peat surface, in studies of tropical peatland land conversion.

Fluvial organic carbon fluxes from oil palm plantations on tropical peatland