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. We present an exploratory study examining the use of airborneremote-sensing observations to detect ecological responses to elevated CO2 emissions from active volcanic systems. To evaluate theseecosystem responses, existing spectroscopic, thermal, and lidar data acquiredover forest ecosystems on Mammoth Mountain volcano, California, wereexploited, along with in situ measurements of persistent volcanic soil CO2 fluxes. The elevated CO2 response was used tostatistically model ecosystem structure, composition, and function, evaluatedvia data products including biomass, plant foliar traits and vegetationindices, and evapotranspiration (ET). Using regression ensemble models, wefound that soil CO2 flux was a significant predictor for ecologicalvariables, including canopy greenness (normalized vegetation differenceindex, NDVI), canopy nitrogen, ET, and biomass. With increasing CO2 ,we found a decrease in ET and an increase in canopy nitrogen, both consistentwith theory, suggesting more water- and nutrient-use-efficient canopies.However, we also observed a decrease in NDVI with increasing CO2 (amean NDVI of 0.27 at 200 g m −2  d −1 CO2 reduced to a meanNDVI of 0.10 at 800 g m −2  d −1 CO2 ). This is inconsistentwith theory though consistent with increased efficiency of fewer leaves. Wefound a decrease in above-ground biomass with increasing CO2 , alsoinconsistent with theory, but we did also find a decrease in biomassvariance, pointing to a long-term homogenization of structure with elevated CO2 . Additionally, the relationships between ecological variableschanged with elevated CO2 , suggesting a shift in coupling/decouplingamong ecosystem structure, composition, and function synergies. For example,ET and biomass were significantly correlated for areas without elevated CO2 flux but decoupled with elevated CO2 flux. This studydemonstrates that (a) volcanic systems show great potential as a means tostudy the properties of ecosystems and their responses to elevated CO2 emissions and (b) these ecosystem responses are measurable using asuite of airborne remotely sensed data.

Ecosystem responses to elevated CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; using airborne remote sensing at Mammoth Mountain, California

Ecosystem responses to elevated CO<sub>2</sub> using airborne remote sensing at Mammoth Mountain, California