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. Regional estimates of the effects of ozone pollution on forest growth dependon the availability of reliable injury functions that estimate arepresentative ecosystem response to ozone exposure. A number of such injuryfunctions for forest tree species and forest functional types have recentlybeen published and subsequently applied in terrestrial biosphere models toestimate regional or global effects of ozone on forest tree productivity andcarbon storage in the living plant biomass. The resulting impacts estimatedby these biosphere models show large uncertainty in the magnitude of ozoneeffects predicted. To understand the role that these injury functions play indetermining the variability in estimated ozone impacts, we use the O-CNbiosphere model to provide a standardised modelling framework. We test fourpublished injury functions describing the leaf-level, photosynthetic responseto ozone exposure (targeting the maximum carboxylation capacity of Rubisco( Vcmax ) or net photosynthesis) in terms of their simulatedwhole-tree biomass responses against data from 23 ozone filtration/fumigationexperiments conducted with young trees from European tree species at sitesacross Europe with a range of climatic conditions. Our results show that noneof these previously published injury functions lead to simulated whole-treebiomass reductions in agreement with the observed dose–response relationshipsderived from these field experiments and instead lead to significant over-or underestimations of the ozone effect. By re-parameterising thesephotosynthetically based injury functions, we develop linear, plant-functional-type-specific dose–response relationships, which provide accurate simulationsof the observed whole-tree biomass response across these 23 experiments.

Evaluation of simulated ozone effects in forest ecosystems against biomass damage estimates from fumigation experiments