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Abstract. Croplands are involved in the exchange of carbon dioxide ( CO2 )between the atmosphere and the biosphere. Furthermore, soil carbon (C) stocksplay an important role in soil fertility. It is thus of great interest toknow whether intensively managed croplands act as a net source or sink ofatmospheric CO2 and if soil C stocks are preserved over longtimescales. The FluxNet site CH-Oe2 in Oensingen, Switzerland, has beenoperational since the end of 2003. This cropland is managed under the Swissframework of the Proof of Ecological Performance (PEP, a variant ofintegrated management) with a crop rotation centred on winter wheat, whichalso includes winter barley, winter rapeseed, peas, potato and intermediatecover crops. In addition to eddy covariance measurements, meteorological andsoil measurements were available along with information on C imports andexports from organic fertilisation, sowing and harvesting. This studyinvestigates cropland C budgets over 13 years and assesses whether the PEPregulations resulted in a balanced C budget. The strongest CO2 uptake wasobserved during cereal seasons. C export through harvest, however, offset thestrong uptake of the cereal crops. The largest net CO2 emissions tothe atmosphere were observed during pea and cover crop seasons. Net biomeproduction, representing the overall C budget (assuming carbon leaching togroundwater to be negligible), typically ranged between close to C neutral toC losses of up to 407 g C m −2 per season, with peas being the largestsource. Overall, the field lost 1674 g C m −2 over 13 years(129 g C m −2  yr −1 ), which was confirmed by soil C stockmeasurements at the beginning and the end of the study period. Althoughmanaging the field under the regulations of PEP did not result in an overallC sink, model simulations showed that the use of cover crops reduced the Closses compared to leaving the field bare. The use of solid manure improvedthe C budget by importing substantial amounts of C into the soil, while liquidmanure had only a small effect. We thus conclude that additional efforts areneeded to bring Swiss management practices closer to the goal of preservingsoil C in the long term.

Integrated management of a Swiss cropland is not sufficient to preserve its soil carbon pool in the long term