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. Erosion is an Earth system process that transports carbon laterally acrossthe land surface and is currently accelerated by anthropogenic activities.Anthropogenic land cover change has accelerated soil erosion rates byrainfall and runoff substantially, mobilizing vast quantities of soil organiccarbon (SOC) globally. At timescales of decennia to millennia this mobilizedSOC can significantly alter previously estimated carbon emissions from landuse change (LUC). However, a full understanding of the impact of erosion onland–atmosphere carbon exchange is still missing. The aim of this study isto better constrain the terrestrial carbon fluxes by developing methodscompatible with land surface models (LSMs) in order to explicitly representthe links between soil erosion by rainfall and runoff and carbon dynamics.For this we use an emulator that represents the carbon cycle of a LSM, incombination with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model. Weapplied this modeling framework at the global scale to evaluate the effectsof potential soil erosion (soil removal only) in the presence of otherperturbations of the carbon cycle: elevated atmospheric CO2 , climatevariability, and LUC. We find that over the period AD 1850–2005acceleration of soil erosion leads to a total potential SOC removal flux of 74±18  Pg C, of which 79 %–85 % occurs on agricultural landand grassland. Using our best estimates for soil erosion we find thatincluding soil erosion in the SOC-dynamics scheme results in an increase of62 % of the cumulative loss of SOC over 1850–2005 due to the combinedeffects of climate variability, increasing atmospheric CO2 and LUC.This additional erosional loss decreases the cumulative global carbon sink onland by 2 Pg of carbon for this specific period, with the largest effectsfound for the tropics, where deforestation and agricultural expansionincreased soil erosion rates significantly. We conclude that the potentialeffect of soil erosion on the global SOC stock is comparable to the effectsof climate or LUC. It is thus necessary to include soilerosion in assessments of LUC and evaluations of the terrestrial carboncycle.

Global soil organic carbon removal by water erosion under climate change and land use change during AD 1850–2005