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. Coexisting plant species in a karst ecosystem may use diverse strategies oftrade off between carbon gain and water loss to adopt to the low soilnutrient and low water availability conditions. An understanding of the impact of CO2 diffusion and maximum carboxylase activity of Rubisco( Vcmax ) on the light-saturated net photosynthesis ( A ) andintrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) can provide insight into physiologicalstrategies of the water–carbon regulation of coexisting plant species used inadaptation to karst environments at the leaf scale. We selected 63 dominantspecies (across 6 life forms) in a subtropical karst primary forest insouthwestern China, measured their CO2 response curves, and calculatedthe corresponding stomatal conductance to CO2 (gs) , mesophyllconductance to CO2 (gm) , and Vcmax . The results showed that gs and gm varied about 7.6- and 34.5-fold, respectively,and that gs was positively related to gm . The contribution of gm to the leaf CO2 gradient was similar to that of gs . gs ∕ A , gm ∕ A and gt ∕ A was negatively related to Vcmax ∕ A . Therelative limitations of gs (ls) , gm ( lm) , and Vcmax ( lb) to A for the whole group (combined six life forms) weresignificantly different from each other ( P lm was thelargest (0.38  ±  0.12), followed by lb (0.34  ±  0.14), and ls (0.28  ±  0.07). No significant difference was found between ls , lm , and lb for treesand tree/shrubs, while lm was the largest, followed by lb and ls for shrubs, grasses, vines and ferns( P µ mol  CO2  mol −1 H2O ) across all species, and was significantlycorrelated with gs , Vcmax , gm ∕ gs , and Vcmax ∕ gs .These results indicated that karst plants maintained relatively high A andlow iWUE through the covariation of gs , gm , and Vcmax as an adaptation to a karst environment.

The strategies of water–carbon regulation of plants in a subtropical primary forest on karst soils in China