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. Isoprene fluxes vary seasonally with changes in environmental factors (e.g.,solar radiation and temperature) and biological factors (e.g., leafphenology). However, our understanding of the seasonal patterns of isoprenefluxes and the associated mechanistic controls is still limited, especially inAmazonian evergreen forests. In this paper, we aim to connect intensive,field-based measurements of canopy isoprene flux over a central Amazonianevergreen forest site with meteorological observations and with tower-mounted camera leaf phenology to improve our understanding of patterns and causesof isoprene flux seasonality. Our results demonstrate that the highestisoprene emissions are observed during the dry and dry-to-wet transitionseasons, whereas the lowest emissions were found during the wet-to-drytransition season. Our results also indicate that light and temperature cannot totally explain isoprene flux seasonality. Instead, the camera-derivedleaf area index (LAI) of recently mature leaf age class (e.g., leaf ages of3–5 months) exhibits the highest correlation with observed isoprene fluxseasonality ( R2=0.59 , p ). Attempting to better representleaf phenology in the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature(MEGAN 2.1), we improved the leaf age algorithm by utilizing results from thecamera-derived leaf phenology that provided LAI categorized into threedifferent leaf ages. The model results show that the observations ofage-dependent isoprene emission capacity, in conjunction with camera-derivedleaf age demography, significantly improved simulations in terms of seasonalvariations in isoprene fluxes ( R2=0.52 , p ). This studyhighlights the importance of accounting for differences in isoprene emissioncapacity across canopy leaf age classes and identifying forest adaptivemechanisms that underlie seasonal variation in isoprene emissions inAmazonia.

Leaf phenology as one important driver of seasonal changes in isoprene emissions in central Amazonia