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. Borneo contains some of the world's most biodiverse and carbon-dense tropicalforest, but this 750 000  km2 island has lost 62 % of itsold-growth forests within the last 40 years. Efforts to protect and restorethe remaining forests of Borneo hinge on recognizing the ecosystem servicesthey provide, including their ability to store and sequester carbon. Airbornelaser scanning (ALS) is a remote sensing technology that allows foreststructural properties to be captured in great detail across vast geographicareas. In recent years ALS has been integrated into statewide assessments offorest carbon in Neotropical and African regions, but not yet in Asia. Forthis to happen new regional models need to be developed for estimating carbonstocks from ALS in tropical Asia, as the forests of this region arestructurally and compositionally distinct from those found elsewhere in thetropics. By combining ALS imagery with data from 173 permanent forest plotsspanning the lowland rainforests of Sabah on the island of Borneo, wedevelop a simple yet general model for estimating forest carbon stocks usingALS-derived canopy height and canopy cover as input metrics. An advancedfeature of this new model is the propagation of uncertainty in both ALS- andground-based data, allowing uncertainty in hectare-scale estimates of carbonstocks to be quantified robustly. We show that the model effectively capturesvariation in aboveground carbon stocks across extreme disturbance gradientsspanning tall dipterocarp forests and heavily logged regions and clearlyoutperforms existing ALS-based models calibrated for the tropics, as well ascurrently available satellite-derived products. Our model provides a simple,generalized and effective approach for mapping forest carbon stocks inBorneo and underpins ongoing efforts to safeguard and facilitate therestoration of its unique tropical forests.

Estimating aboveground carbon density and its uncertainty in Borneo's structurally complex tropical forests using airborne laser scanning