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. The complexity of dissolved gas cycling in the ocean presents achallenge for mechanistic understanding and can hinder model intercomparison.One helpful approach is the conceptualization of dissolved gases as the sumof multiple, strictly defined components. Here we decompose dissolvedinorganic carbon (DIC) into four components: saturation(DIC sat ), disequilibrium (DIC dis ), carbonate(DIC carb ), and soft tissue (DIC soft ). The cyclingof dissolved oxygen is simpler, but can still be aided by considering O2 , O 2 sat , and O 2 dis . We explore changes inthese components within a large suite of simulations with a complex coupledclimate–biogeochemical model, driven by changes in astronomical parameters,ice sheets, and radiative forcing, in order to explore the potentialimportance of the different components to ocean carbon storage on longtimescales. We find that both DIC soft and DIC dis vary over a range of 40  µ mol kg −1 in response to the climateforcing, equivalent to changes in atmospheric pCO2 on theorder of 50  ppm for each. The most extreme values occur at thecoldest and intermediate climate states. We also find significant changes in O2 disequilibrium, with large increases under cold climate states. Wefind that, despite the broad range of climate states represented, changes inglobal DIC soft can be quantitatively approximated by theproduct of deep ocean ideal age and the global export production flux. Incontrast, global DIC dis is dominantly controlled by thefraction of the ocean filled by Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW). Because theAABW fraction and ideal age are inversely correlated among the simulations,DIC dis and DIC soft are also inversely correlated,dampening the overall changes in DIC. This inverse correlation could bedecoupled if changes in deep ocean mixing were to alter ideal ageindependently of AABW fraction, or if independent ecosystem changes were toalter export and remineralization, thereby modifying DIC soft .As an example of the latter, we show that iron fertilization causes bothDIC soft and DIC dis to increase and that therelationship between these two components depends on the climate state. Wepropose a simple framework to consider the global contribution ofDIC soft+DICdis to ocean carbon storageas a function of the surface preformed nitrate and DIC dis ofdense water formation regions, the global volume fractions ventilated bythese regions, and the global nitrate inventory.

biogeosciences

The devil's in the disequilibrium: multi-component analysis of dissolved carbon and oxygen changes under a broad range of forcings in a general circulation model