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. Climate change is projected to increase the intensity andfrequency of extreme climatic events such as tropical cyclones. However, fewstudies have examined the responses of hydrochemical processes to climateextremes. To fill this knowledge gap, we compared the relationship betweenstream discharge and ion input–output budget during typhoon and non-typhoonperiods in four subtropical mountain watersheds with different levels ofagricultural land cover in northern Taiwan. The results indicated that thehigh predictability of ion input–output budgets using stream dischargeduring the non-typhoon period largely disappeared during the typhoon periods. For ionssuch as Na + , NH 4 + , and PO 4 3 - , the typhoon period andnon-typhoon period exhibited opposite discharge–budget relationships. Inother cases, the discharge–budget relationship was driven by the typhoonperiod, which consisted of only 7 % of the total time period. Thestriking differences in the discharge–ion budget relationship between the twoperiods likely resulted from differences in the relative contributions ofsurface runoff, subsurface runoff and groundwater, which had differentchemical compositions, to stream discharge between the two periods.Watersheds with a 17–22 % tea plantation cover showed large increases inNO 3 - export with increases in stream discharge. In contrast,watersheds with 93–99 % forest cover showed very mild or no increases inNO 3 - export with increases in discharge and very low levels ofNO 3 - export even during typhoon storms. The results suggest that evenmild disruption of the natural vegetation could largely alter hydrochemicalprocesses. Our study clearly illustrates significant shifts in hydrochemicalresponses between regular and typhoon precipitation. We propose thathydrological models should separate hydrochemical processes into regular andextreme conditions to better capture the whole spectrum of hydrochemicalresponses to a variety of climate conditions.

Shifts in stream hydrochemistry in responses to typhoon and non-typhoon precipitation