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. Biological modelling approach adopted by the Ocean Carbon-Cycle ModelIntercomparison Project (OCMIP-II) provided amazingly simple butsurprisingly accurate rendition of the annual mean carbon cycle for theglobal ocean. Nonetheless, OCMIP models are known to have seasonal biaseswhich are typically attributed to their bulk parameterisation ofcompensation depth. Utilising the criteria of surface Chl  a -basedattenuation of solar radiation and the minimum solar radiation required forproduction, we have proposed a new parameterisation for a spatially andtemporally varying compensation depth which captures the seasonality inthe production zone reasonably well. This new parameterisation is shown toimprove the seasonality of CO 2 fluxes, surface ocean p CO 2 ,biological export and new production in the major upwelling zones of theIndian Ocean. The seasonally varying compensation depth enriches the nutrientconcentration in the upper ocean yielding more faithful biological exportswhich in turn leads to accurate seasonality in the carbon cycle. Theexport production strengthens by ∼  70 % over the western Arabian Seaduring the monsoon period and achieves a good balance between export and newproduction in the model. This underscores the importance of having a seasonalbalance in the model export and new productions for a better representation ofthe seasonality of the carbon cycle over upwelling regions. The study alsoimplies that both the biological and solubility pumps play an important rolein the Indian Ocean upwelling zones.

biogeosciences

Biological production in the Indian Ocean upwelling zones –Part 1: refined estimation via the use of a variable compensation depth in ocean carbon models