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A better understanding of root–soil interactions and associated processes isessential in achieving progress in crop breeding and management, promptingthe need for high-resolution and non-destructive characterization methods. Todate, such methods are still lacking or restricted by technical constraints,in particular the charactization andmonitoring of root growth and function in the field. A promising technique inthis respect is electrical impedance tomography (EIT), which utilizeslow-frequency (< 1 kHz)-electrical conduction- andpolarization properties in an imaging framework. It is well established thatcells and cell clusters exhibit an electrical polarization response inalternating electric-current fieldsdue to electrical double layers which form at cell membranes. This doublelayer is directly related to the electrical surface properties of themembrane, which in turn are influenced by nutrient dynamics (fluxes andconcentrations on both sides of the membranes). Therefore, it can be assumedthat the electrical polarization properties of roots are inherently relatedto ion uptake and translocation processes in the root systems. We herebypropose broadband (mHz to hundreds of Hz) multi-frequency EIT as anon-invasive methodological approach for the monitoring and physiological,i.e., functional, characterization of crop root systems. The approachcombines the spatial-resolutioncapability of an imaging method with the diagnostic potential ofelectrical-impedance spectroscopy.The capability of multi-frequency EIT to characterize and monitor crop rootsystems was investigated in a rhizotron laboratory experiment, in which theroot system of oilseed plants was monitored in a water–filled rhizotron,that is, in a nutrient-deprived environment. We found a low-frequencypolarization response of the root system, which enabled the successfuldelineation of its spatial extension. The magnitude of the overallpolarization response decreased along with the physiological decay of theroot system due to the stress situation. Spectral polarization parameters, asderived from a pixel-based Debye decomposition analysis of themulti-frequency imaging results, reveal systematic changes in the spatial andspectral electrical response of the root system. In particular, quantifiedmean relaxation times (of the order of 10 ms) indicate changes in the length scales on which the polarizationprocesses took place in the root system, as a response to the prolongedinduced stress situation. Our results demonstrate that broadband EIT is acapable, non-invasive method to image root system extension as well as tomonitor changes associated with the root physiological processes. Given itsapplicability on both laboratory and field scales, our results suggest anenormous potential of the method for the structural and functional imaging of root systems for variousapplications. This particularly holds for the field scale, wherecorresponding methods are highly desired but to date are lacking

Multi-frequency electrical impedance tomography as a non-invasive tool to characterize and monitor crop root systems