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Lake Chala (3°19′ S, 37°42′ E) is a steep-sided craterlake situated in equatorial East Africa, a tropical semiarid area with a bimodal rainfall pattern. Plants in this region are exposed to a prolongeddry season, and we investigated if (1) these plants show spatial variabilityand temporal shifts in their water source use; (2) seasonal differences in theisotopic composition of precipitation are reflected in xylem water; and (3) plantfamily, growth form, leaf phenology, habitat and season influence thexylem-to-leaf water deuterium enrichment. In this study, the δ2H and δ18O of precipitation, lake water,groundwater, plant xylem water and plant leaf water were measured acrossdifferent plant species, seasons and plant habitats in the vicinity of LakeChala. We found that plants rely mostly on water from the <q>short</q> rainsfalling from October to December (northeastern monsoon), as these rechargethe soil after the long dry season. This plant-available, static water poolis only slightly replenished by the <q>long</q> rains falling from February to May(southeastern monsoon), in agreement with the <q>two water worlds</q> hypothesis, according to which plants rely on a static water pool while a mobile waterpool recharges the groundwater. Spatial variability in water resource useexists in the study region, with plants at the lakeshore relying on a watersource admixed with lake water. Leaf phenology does not affect water resourceuse. According to our results, plant species and their associated leafphenology are the primary factors influencing the enrichment in deuteriumfrom xylem water to leaf water (εl/x), with deciduous species giving thehighest enrichment, while growth form and season have negligible effects. Ourobservations have important implications for the interpretation of δ2H of plant leaf wax n-alkanes (δ2Hwax) from paleohydrological records in tropical East Africa, given thatthe temporal variability in the isotopic composition of precipitation is notreflected in xylem water and that leaf water deuterium enrichment is a keyfactor in shaping δ2Hwax. The large interspeciesvariability in xylem–leaf enrichment (24 ± 28 ‰)is potentially troublesome, taking into account the likelihood of changes inspecies assemblage with climate shifts

Plant water resource partitioning and isotopic fractionation during transpiration in a seasonally dry tropical climate