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Heterocyst glycolipids (HGs) are lipids exclusively produced by\udheterocystous dinitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria. The Baltic Sea is an\udideal environment to study the distribution of HGs and test their potential as biomarkers because of its recurring summer\udphytoplankton blooms, dominated by a few heterocystous cyanobacterial species of the genera <i>Nodularia</i> and\ud<i>Aphanizomenon</i>. A multi-core and a gravity core from the Gotland Basin were analyzed to determine the abundance and\uddistribution of a suite of selected HGs at a high resolution to investigate the changes in past cyanobacterial communities during the\udHolocene. The HG distribution of the sediments deposited during the Modern Warm Period (MoWP) was compared with those of cultivated\udheterocystous cyanobacteria, including those isolated from Baltic Sea waters, revealing high similarity. However, the abundance of\udHGs dropped substantially with depth, and this may be caused by either a decrease in the occurrence of the cyanobacterial blooms or\uddiagenesis, resulting in partial destruction of the HGs. The record also shows that the HG distribution has remained stable since the\udBaltic turned into a brackish semi-enclosed basin ∼ 7200 cal. yr BP. This suggests that the heterocystous cyanobacterial\udspecies composition remained relatively stable as well.  During the earlier freshwater phase of the Baltic (i.e., the Ancylus Lake and\udYoldia Sea phases), the distribution of the HGs varied much more than in the subsequent brackish phase, and the absolute abundance of\udHGs was much lower than during the brackish phase. This suggests that the cyanobacterial community adjusted to the different\udenvironmental conditions in the basin.  Our results confirm the potential of HGs as a specific biomarker of heterocystous cyanobacteria\udin paleo-environmental studies

biogeosciences

The Holocene sedimentary record of cyanobacterial glycolipids in the Baltic Sea: an evaluation of their application as tracers of past nitrogen fixation