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Sediment records recovered from the Baltic Sea during Integrated Ocean\udDrilling Program Expedition 347 provide a unique opportunity to study\udpaleoenvironmental and climate change in central and northern Europe. Such\udstudies contribute to a better understanding of how environmental parameters\udchange in continental shelf seas and enclosed basins. Here we present a\udmulti-proxy-based reconstruction of paleotemperature (both marine and\udterrestrial), paleosalinity, and paleoecosystem changes from the Little Belt (Site\udM0059) over the past  ∼  8000 years and evaluate the\udapplicability of inorganic- and organic-based proxies in this particular\udsetting.\ud  \udAll salinity proxies (diatoms, aquatic palynomorphs, ostracods, diol index)\udshow that lacustrine conditions occurred in the Little Belt until\ud ∼  7400 cal yr BP. A connection to the Kattegat at this time can thus\udbe excluded, but a direct connection to the Baltic Proper may have existed.\udThe transition to the brackish–marine conditions of the Littorina Sea stage (more saline and warmer)\udoccurred within  ∼  200 years when the connection to the Kattegat became\udestablished after  ∼  7400 cal yr BP. The different salinity proxies\udused here generally show similar trends in relative changes in salinity, but\udoften do not allow quantitative estimates of salinity.\ud  \udThe reconstruction of water temperatures is associated with particularly large\uduncertainties and variations in absolute values by up to 8 °C for\udbottom waters and up to 16 °C for surface waters. Concerning the\udreconstruction of temperature using foraminiferal Mg  /  Ca ratios,\udcontamination by authigenic coatings in the deeper intervals may have led to\udan overestimation of temperatures. Differences in results based on the lipid\udpaleothermometers (long chain diol index and TEX<sup>L</sup><sub>86</sub>) can\udpartly be explained by the application of modern-day proxy calibrations to\udintervals that experienced significant changes in depositional settings: in\udthe case of our study, the change from freshwater to marine conditions. Our study\udshows that particular caution has to be taken when applying and interpreting\udproxies in coastal environments and marginal seas, where water mass\udconditions can experience more rapid and larger changes than in open ocean\udsettings. Approaches using a multitude of independent proxies may thus allow\uda more robust paleoenvironmental assessment.</p

biogeosciences

Reconstructing Holocene temperature and salinity variations in the western Baltic Sea region: a multi-proxy comparison from the Little Belt (IODP Expedition 347, Site M0059)