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Sea ice algae, like some coastal and estuarine phytoplankton, are naturally\udexposed to a wider range of pH and CO2 concentrations than those in open\udmarine seas. While climate change and ocean acidification (OA) will impact\udpelagic communities, their effects on sea ice microbial communities remain\udunclear.\ud \udSea ice contains several distinct microbial communities, which are exposed\udto differing environmental conditions depending on their depth within the\udice. Bottom communities mostly experience relatively benign bulk ocean\udproperties, while interior brine and surface (infiltration) communities\udexperience much greater extremes.\ud \udMost OA studies have examined the impacts on single sea ice algae species in\udculture. Although some studies examined the effects of OA alone, most\udexamined the effects of OA and either light, nutrients or temperature. With\udfew exceptions, increased CO2 concentration caused either no change or\udan increase in growth and/or photosynthesis. In situ studies on brine and\udsurface algae also demonstrated a wide tolerance to increased and decreased\udpH and showed increased growth at higher CO2 concentrations. The short\udtime period of most experiments (< 10 days), together with limited\udgenetic diversity (i.e. use of only a single strain), however, has been\udidentified as a limitation to a broader interpretation of the results.\ud \udWhile there have been few studies on the effects of OA on the growth of\udmarine bacterial communities in general, impacts appear to be minimal. In\udsea ice also, the few reports available suggest no negative impacts on\udbacterial growth or community richness.\ud \udSea ice ecosystems are ephemeral, melting and re-forming each year. Thus,\udfor some part of each year organisms inhabiting the ice must also survive\udoutside of the ice, either as part of the phytoplankton or as resting spores\udon the bottom. During these times, they will be exposed to the full range of\udco-stressors that pelagic organisms experience. Their ability to continue to\udmake a major contribution to sea ice productivity will depend not only on\udtheir ability to survive in the ice but also on their ability to survive the\udincreasing seawater temperatures, changing distribution of nutrients and\uddeclining pH forecast for the water column over the next centuries

Reviews and syntheses: Ice acidification, the effects of ocean acidification on sea ice microbial communities