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Estimations of ecosystem-level evapotranspiration (ET) and CO2\uduptake in water-limited environments are scarce and scaling up ground-level\udmeasurements is not straightforward. A biophysical approach using remote\udsensing (RS) and meteorological data (RS–Met) is adjusted to extreme\udhigh-energy water-limited Mediterranean ecosystems that suffer from\udcontinuous stress conditions to provide daily estimations of ET and\udCO2 uptake (measured as gross primary production, GPP) at a spatial\udresolution of 250 m. The RS–Met was adjusted using a seasonal water deficit\udfactor (fWD) based on daily rainfall, temperature and radiation data. We\udvalidated our adjusted RS–Met with eddy covariance flux measurements using a\udnewly developed mobile lab system and the single active FLUXNET station\udoperating in this region (Yatir pine forest station) at a total of seven\udforest and non-forest sites across a climatic transect in Israel (280–770 mm yr−1). RS–Met was also compared to the satellite-borne MODIS-based ET and GPP products (MOD16\udand MOD17, respectively) at these sites. Results show that the inclusion of the fWD significantly improved the\udmodel, with R =  0.64–0.91 for the ET-adjusted model (compared to 0.05–0.80\udfor the unadjusted model) and R =  0.72–0.92 for the adjusted GPP model\ud(compared to R =  0.56–0.90 of the non-adjusted model). The RS–Met (with the\udfWD) successfully tracked observed changes in ET and GPP between dry and\udwet seasons across the sites. ET and GPP estimates from the adjusted RS–Met\udalso agreed well with eddy covariance estimates on an annual timescale at\udthe FLUXNET station of Yatir (266 ± 61 vs. 257 ± 58 mm yr−1\udand 765 ± 112 vs. 748 ± 124 gC m−2 yr−1 for ET and GPP,\udrespectively). Comparison with MODIS products showed consistently lower\udestimates from the MODIS-based models, particularly at the forest sites.\udUsing the adjusted RS–Met, we show that afforestation significantly\udincreased the water use efficiency (the ratio of carbon uptake to ET) in\udthis region, with the positive effect decreasing when moving from dry to\udmore humid environments, strengthening the importance of drylands\udafforestation. This simple yet robust biophysical approach shows\udpromise for reliable ecosystem-level estimations of ET and CO2 uptake\udin extreme high-energy water-limited environments

biogeosciences

A biophysical approach using water deficit factor for daily estimations of evapotranspiration and CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; uptake in Mediterranean environments