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Water availability constrains the structure and function of terrestrialecosystems and is projected to change in many parts of the world over thecoming century. We quantified the response of tree net primary productivity (NPP),live biomass (BIO), and mean carbon residence time (CRT = BIO / NPP) tospatial variation in water availability in the western US. We used forestinventory measurements from 1953 mature stands (> 100 years) inWashington, Oregon, and California (WAORCA) along with satellite and climatedata sets covering the western US. We summarized forest structure andfunction in both domains along a 400 cm yr−1 hydrologic gradient,quantified with a climate moisture index (CMI) based on the differencebetween precipitation and reference evapotranspiration summed over thewater year (October–September) and then averaged annually from 1985 to 2014(CMIwy). Median NPP, BIO, and CRTcomputed at 10 cm yr−1 intervals along theCMIwy gradient increased monotonicallywith increasing CMIwy across bothWAORCA (rs = 0.93–0.96, p < 0.001) and the western US(rs = 0.93–0.99, p < 0.001). Field measurements from WAORCAshowed that median NPP increased from 2.2 to 5.6 Mg C ha−1 yr−1between the driest and wettest 5 % of sites, while BIO increased from 26to 281 Mg C ha−1 and CRT increased from 11 to 49 years. The satellitedata sets revealed similar changes over the western US, though these datasets tended to plateau in the wettest areas, suggesting that additionalefforts are needed to better quantify NPP and BIO from satellites inhigh-productivity, high-biomass forests. Our results illustrate thatlong-term average water availability is a key environmental constraint ontree productivity, carbon storage, and carbon residence time in matureforests across the western US, underscoring the need to assess potentialecosystem response to projected warming and drying over the coming century

Water availability limits tree productivity, carbon stocks, and carbon residence time in mature forests across the western US