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Kelp forests are among the world's most productive marine ecosystems, yetlittle is known about their biogeochemistry. This study presents a14-month time series (July 2013–August 2014) of surface and benthicdissolved inorganic carbon and total alkalinity measurements, along withaccompanying hydrographic measurements, from six locations within a centralCalifornia kelp forest. We present ranges and patterns of variability incarbonate chemistry, including pH (7.70–8.33), pCO2 (172–952 µatm),and the aragonite saturation state, ΩAr (0.94–3.91).Surface-to-bottom gradients in CO2 system chemistry were as large asthe spatial gradients throughout the bottom of the kelp forest. Dissolvedinorganic carbon variability was the main driver of the observed CO2system variability. The majority of spatial variability in the kelp forestcan be explained by advection of cold, dense high-CO2 waters into thebottom of the kelp forest, with deeper sites experiencing high-CO2conditions more frequently. Despite the strong imprint of advection on thebiogeochemical variability of the kelp forest, surface waters wereundersaturated with CO2 in the spring through fall, indicative of thestrong role of photosynthesis on biogeochemical variability. We emphasize theimportance of spatially distributed measurements for developing aprocess-based understanding of kelp forest ecosystem function in a changingclimate

A year in the life of a central California kelp forest: physical and biological insights into biogeochemical variability