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Few field studies examinegreenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from African agricultural systems, resultingin high uncertainty for national inventories. This lack of data isparticularly noticeable in smallholder farms in sub-Saharan Africa, where lowinputs are often correlated with low yields, often resulting in foodinsecurity as well. We provide the most comprehensive study in Africa todate, examining annual soil CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions from59 smallholder plots across different vegetation types, field types and landclasses in western Kenya. The study area consists of a lowland area(approximately 1200 m a.s.l.) rising approximately 600 m to a highlandplateau. Cumulative annual fluxes ranged from 2.8 to15.0 Mg CO2-C ha−1, −6.0 to 2.4 kg CH4-C ha−1 and−0.1 to 1.8 kg N2O-N ha−1. Management intensity of the plotsdid not result in differences in annual GHG fluxes measured (P = 0.46, 0.14and 0.67 for CO2, CH4 and N2O respectively). The similaremissions were likely related to low fertilizer input rates (≤ 20 kg N ha−1). Grazing plots had the highest CO2 fluxes(P = 0.005), treed plots (plantations) were a larger CH4 sink thangrazing plots (P = 0.05), while soil N2O emissions were similar acrossvegetation types (P = 0.59). This study is likely representative for lowfertilizer input, smallholder systems across sub-Saharan Africa, providingcritical data for estimating regional or continental GHG inventories. Lowcrop yields, likely due to low fertilization inputs, resulted in high (up to67 g N2O-N kg−1 aboveground N uptake) yield-scaled emissions.Improvement of crop production through better water and nutrient managementmight therefore be an important tool in increasing food security in theregion while reducing the climate footprint per unit of food produced

Smallholder farms in eastern African tropical highlands have low soil greenhouse gas fluxes