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Dissolved manganese (Mn) is a biologically essential element, and itsoxidised form is involved in the removal of trace elements from ocean waters.Recently, a large number of highly accurate Mn measurements have been obtainedin the Atlantic, Indian and Arctic Oceans as part of the GEOTRACES programme.The goal of this study is to combine these new observations withstate-of-the-art modelling to give new insights into the main sources andredistribution of Mn throughout the ocean. To this end, we simulate thedistribution of dissolved Mn using a global-scale circulation model. This firstmodel includes simple parameterisations to account, realistically, for thesources, processes and sinks of Mn in the ocean. Whereas oxidation and(photo)reduction, as well as aggregation and settling are parameterised in themodel, biological uptake is not yet taken into account by the model. Our modelreproduces observations accurately and provides the following insights:  - The high surface concentrations of manganese are caused by the combinationof photoreduction and sources to the upper ocean. The most important sourcesare dust, then sediments, and, more locally, rivers.  - Results show that surface Mn in the Atlantic Ocean moves downwards into theNorth Atlantic Deep Water, but because of strong removal rates the Mn does notpropagate southwards.  - There is a mostly homogeneous background concentration of dissolved Mn ofabout 0.10 to 0.15 nM throughout most of the deep ocean. The model reproducesthis by means of a threshold on manganese oxides of 25 pM, suggesting that aminimal concentration of Mn is needed before aggregation and removal becomeefficient.  - The observed sharp hydrothermal signals are produced by assuming both ahigh source and a strong removal of Mn near hydrothermal vents.

Manganese in the West Atlantic Ocean in context of the first global ocean circulation model of manganese