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The general features of the N cycle in the sunlit region of the ocean arewell known, but methodological difficulties have previously confoundedsimultaneous quantification of transformation rates among the many differentforms of N, e.g., ammonium (NH4+), nitrite (NO2−),nitrate (NO3−), and particulate/dissolved organic nitrogen(PN/DON). However, recent advances in analytical methodology have made itpossible to employ a convenient isotope labeling technique to quantifyin situ fluxes among oft-measured nitrogen species within theeuphotic zone. Addition of a single 15N-labeled NH4+ tracerand monitoring of the changes in the concentrations and isotopiccompositions of the total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), PN, NH4+,NO2−, and NO3− pools allowed us to quantify the 15Nand 14N fluxes simultaneously. Constraints expressing the balance of15N and 14N fluxes between the different N pools were expressed inthe form of simultaneous equations, the unique solution of which via matrixinversion yielded the relevant N fluxes, including rates of NH4+,NO2−, and NO3− uptake; ammonia oxidation; nitriteoxidation; DON release; and NH4+ uptake by bacteria. The matrixinversion methodology that we used was designed specifically to analyze theresults of incubations under simulated in situ conditions in theeuphotic zone. By taking into consideration simultaneous fluxes amongmultiple N pools, we minimized potential artifacts caused by non-targetedprocesses in traditional source–product methods. The proposed isotope matrixmethod facilitates post hoc analysis of data from on-deck incubationexperiments and can be used to probe effects of environmental factors (e.g.,pH, temperature, and light) on multiple processes under controlledconditions

Quantification of multiple simultaneously occurring nitrogen flows in the euphotic ocean