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High-frequency continuous measurements of the partial pressure of CO2(pCO2) are crucial for constraining the spatiotemporal dynamics ofCO2 emissions from inland water systems. However, direct measurements ofpCO2 are scarce, and no systematic comparisons have been conducted onthe suitability of the widely used measurement systems for continuousunderway or long-term deployment in various field conditions. We comparedspray- and marble-type equilibrators and a membrane-enclosed CO2 sensorto assess their suitability for continuous long-term or underway pCO2measurements in an urbanized river system in Korea. Both equilibrators had ashorter response time compared with the membrane-enclosed sensor, and couldcapture large spatial variations of pCO2 during a transect study alonga highly urbanized river reach. The membrane-enclosed sensor based on passiveequilibration provided comparable underway measurements along the riversections where pCO2 varied within the sensor detection range. Whendeployed in a eutrophic river site, the membrane-enclosed sensor was able todetect large diel variations in pCO2. However, biofouling on themembrane could reduce the accuracy of the measurement during long deploymentsexceeding several days. The overall results suggest that the fast response ofthe equilibrator systems facilitates capturing large spatial variations inpCO2 during short underway measurements. However, the attendanttechnical challenges of these systems, such as clogging and desiccantmaintenance, have to be addressed carefully to enable their long-termdeployment. The membrane-enclosed sensor would be suitable as an alternativetool for long-term continuous measurements if membrane biofouling could beovercome by appropriate antifouling measures such as copper mesh coverings

biogeosciences

Technical note: Assessing gas equilibration systems for continuous &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;p&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; measurements in inland waters