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Intensification of pastoral agriculture is occurring rapidly across NewZealand, including increasing use of irrigation and fertiliser application insome regions. While this enables greater gross primary production (GPP) andlivestock grazing intensity, the consequences for the net ecosystem carbonbudget (NECB) of the pastures are poorly known. Here, we determined the NECBover one year for an irrigated, fertilised and rotationally grazed dairypasture and a neighbouring unirrigated, unfertilised, winter-grazed pasture.Primary terms in the NECB calculation were: net ecosystem production (NEP),biomass carbon removed by grazing cows and carbon (C) input from theirexcreta. Annual NEP was measured using the eddy-covariance method. Carbonremoval was estimated with plate-meter measurements calibrated againstbiomass collections, pre- and post-grazing. Excreta deposition was calculatedfrom animal feed intake. The intensively managed pasture gained C(NECB  =  103 ± 42 g C m−2 yr−1) but would have beensubject to a non-significant C loss if cattle excreta had not been returnedto the pasture. The unirrigated pasture was C-neutral(NECB  =  −13 ± 23 g C m−2 yr−1). While annual GPP ofthe former was almost twice that of the latter (2679 vs.1372 g C m−2 yr−1), ecosystem respiration differed by only68 % between the two pastures (2271 vs. 1352 g C m−2 yr−1).The ratio of GPP to the total annual water input of the irrigated pasture was37 % greater than that of the unirrigated pasture, i.e. the former usedthe water input more efficiently than the latter to produce biomass. The NECBresults agree qualitatively with those from many other eddy-covariancestudies of grazed grasslands, but they seem to be at odds with long-termcarbon-stock studies of other New Zealand pastures

Carbon budgets for an irrigated intensively grazed dairy pasture and an unirrigated winter-grazed pasture