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The global warming debate has sparked an unprecedented interest intemperature effects on coccolithophores. The calcification response totemperature changes reported in the literature, however, is ambiguous. Thetwo main sources of this ambiguity are putatively differences in experimentalsetup and strain specificity. In this study we therefore compare threestrains isolated in the North Pacific under identical experimentalconditions. Three strains of <i>Emiliania huxleyi</i> type A were grownunder non-limiting nutrient and light conditions, at 10, 15, 20 and25 °C. All three strains displayed similar growth rate versustemperature relationships, with an optimum at 20–25 °C. Elementalproduction (particulate inorganic carbon (PIC), particulate organic carbon(POC), total particulate nitrogen (TPN)), coccolith mass, coccolith size, andwidth of the tube element cycle were positively correlated with temperatureover the sub-optimum to optimum temperature range. The correlation betweenPIC production and coccolith mass/size supports the notion that coccolithmass can be used as a proxy for PIC production in sediment samples.Increasing PIC production was significantly positively correlated with thepercentage of incomplete coccoliths in one strain only. Generally, coccolithswere heavier when PIC production was higher. This shows that incompletenessof coccoliths is not due to time shortage at high PIC production. Sub-optimalgrowth temperatures lead to an increase in the percentage of malformedcoccoliths in a strain-specific fashion. Since in total only six strains havebeen tested thus far, it is presently difficult to say whether sub-optimaltemperature is an important factor causing malformations in the field. Themost important parameter in biogeochemical terms, the PIC : POC ratio, shows aminimum at optimum growth temperature in all investigated strains. Thisclarifies the ambiguous picture featuring in the literature, i.e.discrepancies between PIC : POC–temperature relationships reported indifferent studies using different strains and different experimental setups.In summary, global warming might cause a decline in coccolithophore's PICcontribution to the rain ratio, as well as improved fitness in some genotypesdue to fewer coccolith malformations

Temperature affects the morphology and calcification of &lt;i&gt;Emiliania huxleyi&lt;/i&gt; strains

Temperature affects the morphology and calcification of <i>Emiliania huxleyi</i> strains