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The ocean hasbecome more acidic over the last 200 years in response increasing atmosphericcarbon dioxide (CO2) levels. Documenting how the ocean has changed iscritical for assessing how these changes impact marine ecosystems and for themanagement of marine resources. Here we use present-day ocean carbonobservations, from shelf and offshore waters around Australia, combined withneural network mapping of CO2, sea surface temperature, and salinity toestimate the current seasonal and regional distributions of carbonatechemistry (pH and aragonite saturation state). The observed changes inatmospheric CO2 and sea surface temperature (SST) and climatologicalsalinity are then used to reconstruct pH and aragonite saturation statechanges over the last 140 years (1870–2013). The comparison with datacollected at Integrated Marine Observing System National Reference Stationsites located on the shelf around Australia shows that both the mean stateand seasonality in the present day are well represented, with the exceptionof sites such as the Great Barrier Reef. Our reconstruction predicts thatsince 1870 decrease in aragonite saturation state of 0.48 and of0.09 in pH has occurred in response to increasing oceanic uptake ofatmospheric CO2. Large seasonal variability in pH and aragonite saturationstate occur in southwestern Australia driven by ocean dynamics (mixing) andin the Tasman Sea by seasonal warming (in the case of the aragonitesaturation state). The seasonal and historical changes in aragonitesaturation state and pH have different spatial patterns and suggest that thebiological responses to ocean acidification are likely to be non-uniformdepending on the relative sensitivity of organisms to shifts in pH andsaturation state. This new historical reconstruction provides an importantlink to biological observations that will help to elucidate the consequencesof ocean acidification

Historical reconstruction of ocean acidification in the Australian region