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Nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) are potent greenhouse gasesthat are both produced and consumed in soil. Production and consumption ofthese gases are driven by different processes, making it difficult to infertheir controls when measuring only net fluxes. We used the trace gas pooldilution technique to simultaneously measure gross fluxes of N2O andCH4 throughout the growing season in a cornfield in northern California,USA. Net N2O fluxes ranged 0–4.5 mg N m−2 d−1 withthe N2O yield averaging 0.68 ± 0.02. Gross N2O production wasbest predicted by net nitrogen (N) mineralization, soil moisture, and soiltemperature (R2 = 0.60, n = 39, p< 0.001). Gross N2Oreduction was correlated with the combination of gross N2O productionrates, net N mineralization rates, and CO2 emissions (R2 = 0.74, n = 39, p< 0.001). Overall, net CH4 fluxes averaged−0.03 ± 0.02 mg C m−2 d−1. The methanogenic fraction ofcarbon mineralization ranged from 0 to 0.27 % and explained 40 % ofthe variability in gross CH4 production rates (n = 37, p< 0.001). Gross CH4 oxidation exhibited a strong positiverelationship with gross CH4 production rates (R2 = 0.67, n = 37,p< 0.001), which reached as high as 5.4 mgC m−2 d−1. Our study is the first to demonstrate the simultaneousin situ measurement of gross N2O and CH4 fluxes, and resultshighlight that net soil–atmosphere fluxes can mask significant grossproduction and consumption of these trace gases

Net soil–atmosphere fluxes mask patterns in gross production and consumption of nitrous oxide and methane in a managed ecosystem