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Increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) in agricultural soils canmitigate atmospheric CO2 concentration and also contribute to increasedsoil fertility and ecosystem resilience. The role of major nutrients in SOCdynamics is complex, due to simultaneous effects on net primary productivity(NPP) that influence crop residue carbon inputs and in the rate ofheterotrophic respiration (carbon outputs). This study investigated theeffect on SOC stocks of three different levels of phosphorus and potassium(PK) fertilisation rates in the absence of nitrogen fertilisation and ofthree different levels of nitrogen fertiliser in the absence of PKfertiliser. This was done by analysing data from 10 meta-replicated Swedishlong-term field experiments (> 45 years). With N fertilisation,SOC stocks followed yield increases. However, for all PK levels, we foundaverage SOC losses ranging from−0.04 ± 0.09 Mg ha−1 yr−1 (ns) for the lowest to−0.09 ± 0.07 Mg ha−1 yr−1 (p =  0.008) for the highestapplication rate, while crop yields as a proxy for carbon input increasedsignificantly with PK fertilisation by 1, 10 and 15 %. We conclude thatSOC dynamics are mainly output-driven in the PK-fertilised regime but mostlyinput-driven in the N-fertilised regime, due to the much more pronouncedresponse of NPP to N than to PK fertilisation. It has been established that Prather than K is the element affecting ecosystem carbon fluxes, where Pfertilisation has been shown to (i) stimulate heterotrophic respiration, (ii)reduce the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and (iii) decrease thecrop root : shoot ratio, leading to higher root-derived carbon input. Thehigher export of N in the PK-fertilised plots in this study could (iv) haveled to increased N mining and thus mineralisation of organic matter. Moreintegrated experiments are needed to gain a better understanding of therelative importance of each of the above-mentioned mechanisms leading to SOClosses after P addition

Phosphorus fertilisation under nitrogen limitation can deplete soil carbon stocks: evidence from Swedish meta-replicated long-term field experiments