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Vegetation fires are a major driver of ecosystem dynamics andgreenhouse gas emissions. Anticipating potential changes in fire activityand their impacts relies first on a realistic model of fire activity (e.g.,fire incidence and interannual variability) and second on a modelaccounting for fire impacts (e.g., mortality and emissions). In this paper,we focus on our understanding of fire activity and describe a new firemodel, HESFIRE (Human–Earth System FIRE), which integrates the influence of weather, vegetationcharacteristics, and human activities on fires in a stand-alone framework. Itwas developed with a particular emphasis on allowing fires to spread overconsecutive days given their major contribution to burned areas in manyecosystems. A subset of the model parameters was calibrated through anoptimization procedure using observation data to enhance our knowledge ofregional drivers of fire activity and improve the performance of the modelon a global scale. Modeled fire activity showed reasonable agreement withobservations of burned area, fire seasonality, and interannual variabilityin many regions, including for spatial and temporal domains not included inthe optimization procedure. Significant discrepancies are investigated, mostnotably regarding fires in boreal regions and in xeric ecosystems and alsofire size distribution. The sensitivity of fire activity to model parametersis analyzed to explore the dominance of specific drivers across regions andecosystems. The characteristics of HESFIRE and the outcome of its evaluationprovide insights into the influence of anthropogenic activities and weather, andtheir interactions, on fire activity

HESFIRE: a global fire model to explore the role of anthropogenic and weather drivers