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Deforestation and forest degradation in the tropics may substantially altersoil N-oxide emissions. It is particularly relevant to accurately quantifythose changes to properly account for them in a REDD+ climate changemitigation scheme that provides financial incentives to reduce theemissions. With this study we provide updated land use (LU)-based emissionrates (104 studies, 392 N2O and 111 NO case studies), we determine thetrend and magnitude of flux changes with land-use change (LUC) using ameta-analysis approach (44 studies, 135 N2O and 37 NO cases) andevaluate biophysical drivers of N2O and NO emissions and emissionchanges for the tropics. The average N2O and NO emissions in intact upland tropical forestamounted to 2.0 ± 0.2 (n = 90) and 1.7 ± 0.5 (n = 36)kg N ha−1 yr−1, respectively. In agricultural soils annualN2O emissions were exponentially related to N fertilization rates andaverage water-filled pore space (WFPS) whereas in non-agricultural sites aGaussian response to WFPS fit better with the observed NO and N2O emissions.The sum of soil N2O and NO fluxes and the ratio of N2O to NOincreased exponentially and significantly with increasing nitrogenavailability (expressed as NO3− / [NO3−+NH4+])and WFPS, respectively; following the conceptual Hole-In-the-Pipe model.Nitrous and nitric oxide fluxes did not increase significantly overall as aresult of LUC (Hedges's d of 0.11 ± 0.11 and 0.16 ± 0.19,respectively), however individual LUC trajectories or practices did. Nitrousoxide fluxes increased significantly after intact upland forest conversion tocroplands (Hedges's d = 0.78 ± 0.24) and NO increasedsignificantly following the conversion of low forest cover (secondary forestyounger than 30 years, woodlands, shrublands) (Hedges's d of0.44 ± 0.13). Forest conversion to fertilized systems significantly andhighly raised both N2O and NO emission rates (Hedges's d of1.03 ± 0.23 and 0.52 ± 0.09, respectively). Changes in nitrogen availability and WFPS were the main factors explainingchanges in N2O emissions following LUC, therefore it is important thatexperimental designs monitor their spatio-temporal variation. Gaps in theliterature on N oxide fluxes included geographical gaps (Africa, Oceania)and LU gaps (degraded forest, wetland (notably peat) forest, oil palmplantation and soy cultivation)

biogeosciences

Reviews and syntheses: Soil N&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;O and NO emissions from land use and land-use change in the tropics and subtropics: a meta-analysis