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Analysis of organic and inorganic carbon (DOC and DIC, respectively), pH, Na,K, Ca, Mg, Cl, SO4 and Si in ~ 100 large and small rivers(< 10 to ≤ 150 000 km2) of western Siberia sampledin winter, spring, and summer over a more than 1500 km latitudinal gradientallowed establishing main environmental factors controlling the transport ofriver dissolved components in this environmentally important region,comprising continuous, discontinuous, sporadic and permafrost-free zones.There was a significant latitudinal trend consisting in a general decrease inDOC, DIC, SO4, and major cation (Ca, Mg, Na, K) concentration northward,reflecting the interplay between groundwater feeding (detectable mostly inthe permafrost-free zone, south of 60° N) and surface flux (in thepermafrost-bearing zone). The northward decrease in concentration ofinorganic components was strongly pronounced both in winter and spring,whereas for DOC, the trend of concentration decrease with latitude was absentin winter, and less pronounced in spring flood than in summer baseflow. Themost significant decrease in K concentration from the southern(< 59° N) to the northern (61–67° N) watersheds occursin spring, during intense plant litter leaching. The latitudinal trendspersisted for all river watershed size, from < 100 to> 10 000 km2. Environmental factors are ranked by their increasingeffect on DOC, DIC, δ13CDIC, and major elements inwestern Siberian rivers as follows: watershed area < season < latitude. Because the degree of the groundwater feeding is differentbetween large and small rivers, we hypothesize that, in addition togroundwater feeding of the river, there was a significant role of surface andshallow subsurface flow linked to plant litter degradation and peat leaching.We suggest that plant-litter- and topsoil-derived DOC adsorbs on clay mineralhorizons in the southern, permafrost-free and discontinuous/sporadicpermafrost zone but lacks the interaction with minerals in the continuouspermafrost zone. It can be anticipated that, under climate warming in westernSiberia, the maximal change will occur in small (< 1000 km2watershed) rivers DOC, DIC and ionic composition and this change will bemostly pronounced in summer

Permafrost coverage, watershed area and season control of dissolved carbon and major elements in western Siberian rivers