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Distributions of surface water partial pressure of carbon dioxide(pCO2) were measured on nine cruises in the Delaware Estuary (USA). TheDelaware River was highly supersaturated in pCO2 with respect to theatmosphere during all seasons, while the Delaware Bay was undersaturated inpCO2 during spring and late summer and moderately supersaturated duringmid-summer, fall, and winter. While the smaller upper tidal river was astrong CO2 source (27.1 ± 6.4 mol-C m−2 yr−1), the muchlarger bay was a weak source (1.2 ± 1.4 mol-C m−2 yr−1), thelatter of which had a much greater area than the former. In turn, theDelaware Estuary acted as a relatively weak CO2 source (2.4 ± 4.8 mol-C m−2 yr−1), which is in great contrast to many otherestuarine systems. Seasonally, pCO2 changes were greatest at lowsalinities (0 ≤ S < 5), with pCO2 values in the summernearly 3-fold greater than those observed in the spring and fall.Undersaturated pCO2 was observed over the widest salinity range (7.5 ≤ S < 30) during spring. Near to supersaturated pCO2 wasgenerally observed in mid- to high-salinity waters (20 ≤ S < 30) except during spring and late summer. Strong seasonal trends in internalestuarine production and consumption of CO2 were observed throughoutboth the upper tidal river and lower bay. Positive correlationsbetween river-borne and air–water CO2 fluxes in the upper estuaryemphasize the significance of river-borne CO2 degassing to overallCO2 fluxes. While river-borne CO2 degassing heavily influencedCO2 dynamics in the upper tidal river, these forces were largelycompensated for by internal biological processes within the extensive bay systemof the lower estuary

Air–water fluxes and sources of carbon dioxide in the Delaware Estuary: spatial and seasonal variability