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Rice production is increasingly limited by water scarcity. Covering paddyrice soils with films (so-called ground cover rice production system: GCRPS)can significantly reduce water demand as well as overcome temperaturelimitations at the beginning of the growing season, which results in greatergrain yields in relatively cold regions and also in those suffering fromseasonal water shortages. However, it has been speculated that both increasedsoil aeration and temperature under GCRPS result in lower soil organic carbonand nitrogen stocks. Here we report on a regional-scale experiment conductedin Shiyan, a typical rice-producing mountainous area of China. We sampledpaired adjacent paddy and GCRPS fields at 49 representative sites. Measuredparameters included soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stocks (to 1 m depth),soil physical and chemical properties, δ15N composition of plantsand soils, potential C mineralization rates, and soil organic carbon (SOC)fractions at all sampling sites. Root biomass was also quantified at oneintensively monitored site. The study showed that: (1) GCRPS increased SOC and N stocks 5–20 yearsfollowing conversion from traditional paddy systems; (2) there were nodifferences between GCRPS and paddy systems in soil physical and chemical propertiesfor the various soil depths, with the exception of soil bulk density; (3)GCRPS increased above-ground and root biomass in all soil layers down to a40 cm depth; (4) δ15N values were lower in soils and plantleaves indicating lower NH3 volatilization losses from GCRPS than inpaddy systems; and (5) GCRPS had lower C mineralization potential than thatobserved in paddy systems over a 200-day incubation period. Our resultssuggest that GCRPS is an innovative production technique that not onlyincreases rice yields using less irrigation water, but that it alsoincreases SOC and N stocks

Ground cover rice production systems increase soil carbon and nitrogen stocks at regional scale