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Nutrient release from the sediments in shallow eutrophic estuaries maycounteract reductions of the external nutrient load and prevent or prolongecosystem recovery. The magnitude and temporal dynamics of this potentialsource, termed internal nutrient loading, is poorly under\-stood. Wequantified the internal nutrient loading driven by microbial mineralizationof accumulated organic N (ON) and P (OP) in sediments from a shalloweutrophic estuary (Odense Fjord, Denmark). Sediments were collected fromeight stations within the system and nutrient production and effluxes weremeasured over a period of ~ 2 years. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN) effluxes were highinitially but quickly faded to low and stable levels after 50–200 days, whereasPO43− effluxes were highly variable in the different sediments.Mineralization patterns suggested that internal N loading would quickly(< 200 days) fade to insignificant levels, whereas internalPO43− loading could be sustained for extended time (years). Whenresults from all stations were combined, internal N loading and P loadingfrom the fjord bottom was up to 121 × 103 kg N yr−1 (20 kg N ha−1 yr−1)and 22 × 103 kg P yr−1 (3.6 kg P ha−1 yr−1) corresponding to 6 (N) and 36% (P) of the externalnutrient loading to the system. We conclude that the internal N loadingresulting from degradation of accumulated ON is low in shallow eutrophicestuaries, whereas microbial mineralization of accumulated OP is a potentialsource of P. Overall it appears that, in N-limited eutrophic systems,internal nutrient resulting from mineralization of ON and OP in sediments isof minor importance

Organic N and P in eutrophic fjord sediments – rates of mineralization and consequences for internal nutrient loading