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Net ecosystem productivity of carbon (NEP) in seasonally dry forests  of the Amazon varies greatly between sites with similar  precipitation patterns. Correctly modeling the NEP seasonality with  terrestrial ecosystem models has proven difficult.  Previous  modelling studies have mostly advocated for incorporating processes that  act to reduce water stress on gross primary productivity (GPP)  during the dry season, such as deep soils and roots,  plant-mediated hydraulic redistribution of soil moisture, and  increased dry season leaf litter generation which reduces leaf age  and thus increases photosynthetic capacity. Recent observations,  however, indicate that seasonality in heterotrophic respiration also  contributes to the observed seasonal cycle of NEP. Here, we use the  dynamic vegetation model CLASS-CTEM (Canadian LandSurface Scheme–Canadian TerrestrialEcosystem Model) – without deep soils or roots,  hydraulic redistribution of soil moisture, or increased dry season  litter generation – at two Large-Scale Biosphere–Atmosphere  Experiment (LBA) sites (Tapajós km 83 and Jarú  Reserve). These LBA sites exhibit opposite seasonal NEP cycles  despite reasonably similar meteorological conditions. Our simulations are able  to reproduce the observed NEP seasonality at both sites. Simulated  GPP, heterotrophic respiration, latent and sensible heat fluxes,  litter fall rate, soil moisture and temperature, and basic  vegetation state are also compared with available observation-based  estimates which provide confidence that overall the model behaves  realistically at the two sites.  Our results indicate that  representing the effect of soil moisture on heterotrophic respiration in terms of soil matric potential and constraining  heterotrophic respiration when absolute soil matric potential is both low (wetter soils) and high (drier soils), with optimum conditions in between, allows  %appropriately representing the influence of soil texture and depth,  %through soil moisture, on seasonal patterns of GPP and, especially,%  heterotrophic respiration is important  to correctly simulate NEP  seasonality

The influence of soils on heterotrophic respiration exerts a strong control on net ecosystem productivity in seasonally dry Amazonian forests