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Midlatitude treed bogs represent significant carbon (C) stocks and arehighly sensitive to global climate change. In a dry continental treed bog,we compared three sites: control, recent (1–3 years; experimental) and olderdrained (10–13 years), with water levels at 38, 74 and 120 cm belowthe surface, respectively. At each site we measured carbon dioxide(CO2) fluxes and estimated tree root respiration (Rr; acrosshummock–hollow microtopography of the forest floor) and net primaryproduction (NPP) of trees during the growing seasons (May to October) of2011–2013. The CO2–C balance was calculated by adding the net CO2exchange of the forest floor (NEff-Rr) to the NPP of the trees. From cooler and wetter 2011 to the driest and the warmest 2013, the controlsite was a CO2–C sink of 92, 70 and 76 g m−2, the experimentalsite was a CO2–C source of 14, 57 and 135 g m−2, and the drainedsite was a progressively smaller source of 26, 23 and 13 g CO2–C m−2. The short-term drainage at the experimental siteresulted in small changes in vegetation coverage and large net CO2emissions at the microforms. In contrast, the longer-term drainage anddeeper water level at the drained site resulted in the replacement of mosseswith vascular plants (shrubs) on the hummocks and lichen in the hollowsleading to the highest CO2 uptake at the drained hummocks andsignificant losses in the hollows. The tree NPP (including above- andbelow-ground growth and litter fall) in 2011 and 2012 was significantlyhigher at the drained site (92 and 83 g C m−2) than at the experimental(58 and 55 g C m−2) and control (52 and 46 g C m−2) sites. We also quantified the impact of climatic warming at all water tabletreatments by equipping additional plots with open-top chambers (OTCs) thatcaused a passive warming on average of ~ 1 °C anddifferential air warming of ~ 6 °C at midday full sunover the study years. Warming significantly enhanced shrub growth and the CO2 sink function of the drained hummocks (exceeding the cumulativerespiration losses in hollows induced by the lowered water level ×warming). There was an interaction of water level with warming acrosshummocks that resulted in the largest net CO2 uptake at the warmeddrained hummocks. Thus in 2013, the warming treatment enhanced the sinkfunction of the control site by 13 g m−2, reduced the source functionof the experimental by 10 g m−2 and significantly enhanced the sinkfunction of the drained site by 73 g m−2. Therefore, drying and warmingin continental bogs is expected to initially accelerate CO2–C lossesvia ecosystem respiration, but persistent drought and warming is expected torestore the peatland's original CO2–C sink function as a result of theshifts in vegetation composition and productivity between the microforms andincreased NPP of trees over time

Carbon dioxide flux and net primary production of a boreal treed bog: Responses to warming and water-table-lowering simulations of climate change