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Accurate representation of ecosystem processes in land models is crucial forreducing predictive uncertainty in energy and greenhouse gas feedbacks withthe climate. Here we describe an observational and modeling meta-analysisapproach to benchmark land models, and apply the method to the land modelCLM4.5 with two versions of belowground biogeochemistry. We focused ouranalysis on the aboveground and belowground responses to warming and nitrogenaddition in high-latitude ecosystems, and identified absent or poorlyparameterized mechanisms in CLM4.5. While the two model versions predictedsimilar soil carbon stock trajectories following both warming and nitrogenaddition, other predicted variables (e.g., belowground respiration) differedfrom observations in both magnitude and direction, indicating that CLM4.5 hasinadequate underlying mechanisms for representing high-latitude ecosystems.On the basis of observational synthesis, we attribute the model–observationdifferences to missing representations of microbial dynamics, aboveground andbelowground coupling, and nutrient cycling, and we use the observationalmeta-analysis to discuss potential approaches to improving the currentmodels. However, we also urge caution concerning the selection of data setsand experiments for meta-analysis. For example, the concentrations ofnitrogen applied in the synthesized field experiments(average = 72 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup>) are many times higher thanprojected soil nitrogen concentrations (from nitrogen deposition and releaseduring mineralization), which precludes a rigorous evaluation of the modelresponses to likely nitrogen perturbations. Overall, we demonstrate thatelucidating ecological mechanisms via meta-analysis can identify deficienciesin ecosystem models and empirical experiments

Meta-analysis of high-latitude nitrogen-addition and warming studies implies ecological mechanisms overlooked by land models