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Mountain pine beetle (MPB) outbreaks in North America are widespread and havepotentially persistent impacts on forest albedo and associated radiativeforcing. This study utilized multiple data sets, both current and historical,within lodgepole pine stands in the south-central Rocky Mountains to quantifythe full radiative forcing impact of outbreak events for decades afteroutbreak (0–60 yr) and the role of outbreak severity in determining thatimpact. Change in annual albedo and radiative forcing peaked at 14–20 yrpost-outbreak (0.06 ± 0.006 and −0.8 ± 0.1 W m−2,respectively) and recovered to pre-outbreak levels by 30–40 yrpost-outbreak. Change in albedo was significant in all four seasons, butstrongest in winter with the increased visibility of snow (radiative coolingof −1.6 ± 0.2 W m−2, −3.0 ± 0.4 W m−2, and−1.6 ± 0.2 W m−2 for 2–13, 14–20 and 20–30 yrpost-outbreak, respectively). Change in winter albedo and radiative forcingalso increased with outbreak severity (percent tree mortality). Persistenceof albedo effects are seen as a function of the growth rate and speciescomposition of surviving trees, and the establishment and growth of bothunderstory herbaceous vegetation and tree species, all of which may vary withoutbreak severity. The establishment and persistence of deciduous trees wasfound to increase the temporal persistence of albedo effects. MPB-inducedchanges to radiative forcing may have feedbacks for regional temperature andthe hydrological cycle, which could impact future MPB outbreaks dynamics

biogeosciences

Albedo-induced radiative forcing from mountain pine beetle outbreaks in forests, south-central Rocky Mountains: magnitude, persistence, and relation to outbreak severity