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A cryoconite granule is a near-spherical aggregation of biota and abioticparticles found upon glacier surfaces. Recently, microstructural studieshave revealed that photosynthetic microorganisms and extracellular polymericsubstances (EPS) are omnipresent within cryoconite granules and havesuggested their importance as biological "forming factors". To assess theseforming factors, and their biological control over aggregate size andstability, across a typical Arctic valley glacier surface, a suite of rapid,spectrophotometric, microplate methods were utilised. Subsequent spatialmapping of these data revealed distinct patterns. Labile carbohydrates werefound to increase up-glacier, suggestive of EPS production forcryoprotection and nutrient assimilation. Conversely, pigment concentrationswere found to increase towards the glacier terminus and valley sides,suggestive of allochthonous input, a general reduction in physicaldisturbance and of the build-up of photosynthetic pigments and less labilecyanobacterial sheath material. Aggregate size was found to increase towardsthe glacier edges, linked to the input of particulate matter from the valleysides, and to broadly increase down-glacier, in the same way as pigmentconcentrations. Statistical analyses of transect data revealed that thephotoautotrophic count and carbohydrate–chlorophyll ratio of the cryoconitesampled could explain 83% of the measured variation in aggregate size andstability. Considering solely aggregate size, the number and length ofphotoautotrophic filaments could explain 92% of the variation in thisparameter. These findings demonstrate the two-dimensional distribution ofkey biological controls upon cryoconite aggregation for the first time, andhighlight the importance of filamentous cyanobacteria and EPS production tothe development of stable cryoconite granules

A spatial investigation of the environmental controls over cryoconite aggregation on Longyearbreen glacier, Svalbard