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Limited observations exist for a reliable assessment of annual CO2 uptakethat takes into consideration the strong seasonal variation in theriver-dominated East China Sea (ECS). Here we explore seasonallyrepresentative CO2 uptakes by the whole East China Sea derived fromobservations over a 14-year period. We firstly identified the biologicalsequestration of CO2 taking place in the highly productive,nutrient-enriched Changjiang River plume, dictated by the Changjiang Riverdischarge in warm seasons. We have therefore established anempirical algorithm as a function of sea surface temperature (SST) andChangjiang River discharge (CRD) for predicting sea surface pCO2.Syntheses based on both observations and models show that the annuallyaveraged CO2 uptake from atmosphere during the period 1998–2011 wasconstrained to about 1.8 ± 0.5 mol C m−2 yr−1. This assessmentof annual CO2 uptake is more reliable and representative, compared toprevious estimates, in terms of temporal and spatial coverage. Additionally,the CO2 time series, exhibiting distinct seasonal pattern, gives meanfluxes of −3.7 ± 0.5, −1.1 ± 1.3, −0.3 ± 0.8 and−2.5 ± 0.7 mol C m−2 yr−1 in spring,summer, fall and winter, respectively, and also reveals apparentinterannual variations. The flux seasonality shows a strong sink in springand a weak source in late summer–mid-fall. The weak sink status duringwarm periods in summer–fall is fairly sensitive to changes of pCO2 andmay easily shift from a sink to a source altered by environmental changesunder climate change and anthropogenic forcing

biogeosciences

Synthesis of observed air–sea CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; exchange fluxes in the river-dominated East China Sea and improved estimates of annual and seasonal net mean fluxes