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Two consecutive summer upwelling events, each lasting for less than 24 h,were surveyed in high temporal and vertical resolution close to the BoknisEck time-series station (BE) in the western Belt Sea (Baltic Sea) in summer2010 with an autonomous glider. Driven only by moderate offshore winds bothevents resulted in more than 5 K cooling of surface waters, while only forthe second event were significant irreversible changes in the verticalstratification observed. Generalizing the glider survey observationswith hourly wind data from nearby meteorological stations, it is found thatupwelling in the BE area occurs for wind directions between 190 to260° and wind speed exceeding 4 m s<sup>−1</sup>. Based on thesethresholds the wind-induced summer (June to September) upwelling conditionsin the BE area for the period 1982 to 2012 are reconstructed. On averageabout 18 days of upwelling favourable wind conditions are found for the foursummer months, with significant interannual variability ranging from 7.7 days(2006) to more than 28 days (1985). By aligning upwelling favourable windconditions with the monthly BE surveys it is found that extreme anomalies inBE surveys follow extended periods of upwelling favourable winds

Summer upwelling at the Boknis Eck time-series station (1982 to 2012) – a combined glider and wind data analysis