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Flooded rice fields are an important source of the greenhouse gas methane.Methane is produced from rice straw (RS), soil organic matter (SOM), andrice root organic carbon (ROC). Addition of RS is widely used forameliorating soil fertility. However, this practice provides additionalsubstrate for CH4 production and results in increased CH4emission. Here, we found that decomposing RS is not only a substrate ofCH4 production, but in addition stimulates CH4 production fromSOM and ROC. Apart from accelerating the creation of reduced conditions inthe soil environment, RS decomposition resulted in enhancement ofSOM-derived CH4 production. In particular, hydrogenotrophicmethanogenesis from SOM-derived CO2 was stimulated, presumably byH2 released from RS decomposition. On the other hand, the enhancementof ROC-derived CH4 production after RS application was probably causedby the significant increase of the abundance of methanogenic Archaea in theRS treatment compared with the untreated control. Our results show thattraditional management of rice residues exerts a positive feedback onCH4 production from rice fields, thus exacerbating its effect on theglobal CH4 budget

Straw application in paddy soil enhances methane production also from other carbon sources